Number of controls are required to be provided on a panel of CRO to facilitate its proper functioning. Intensity control is provided for adjustment of brightness of the…
Cathode ray tube essentially consists of an electron gun for producing a stream of electrons, focusing and accelerating anodes for producing a narrow and sharply focused electron beam,…
A CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) is an electronic instrument used for studying various electrical & electronic parameters and behaviors. CRO is basically an XY (2 dimensional) plotter which…
Q-Meter We know that every inductor coil has a certain amount of resistance and the coil should have lowest possible resistance. The ratio of the inductive reactance to…
Electronic Multimeters It is one of the most versatile general purpose instruments capable of measuring dc and ac voltages as well as current and resistances. The solid-state electronic…
Electronic Galvanometers A vacuum tube or transistor amplifier, followed by a milli-ammeter may be employed as a detector. Some of such devices have arbitrary scale values, sometimes with variable…
Balanced Bridge Voltmeters Such voltmeters can be used for measurement of both dc and ac voltages and are very popular. These voltmeters are available in both versions, vacuum…
True RMS Reading Voltmeter RMS value of the sinusoidal waveform is measured by the average reading voltmeter of which scale is calibrated in terms of rms value. This…
In electronic ac voltmeters input signal is firstly rectified and then supplied to the dc amplifier, as shown in figure. Sometimes signal is firstly amplified by ac amplifier and…
DC Voltmeter Block Diagram DC voltmeter mainly consists of a dc amplifier apart from the attenuator, as shown in figure. DC voltmeters can further be divided into…
In all electronic voltmeter circuits the principle involved is that an indication on a permanent magnet moving coil instrument (normally abbreviated as PMMC or D’Arsonval movement) proportional to…
