Photonic Integrated Circuit Technology Photonic Integrated Circuit (also known as PIC), is a complex integrated circuit which incorporates a lot of optical devices to form a single photonic…
Schmitt Trigger or Regenerative Comparator Circuit A Schmitt trigger circuit is also called a regenerative comparator circuit. The circuit is designed with a positive feedback and hence will…
How to make a Monostable Multi Vibrator using 741 IC ? As already explained , a monostable multivibrator (MMV) has one stable state and one quasi-stable state. The…
How to make an Astable or Free running Multi vibrator using 741 Op-Amp ? The non-sinusoidal waveform generators are also called relaxation oscillators. The op-amp relaxation oscillator shown in figure…
How to make a Zero Crossing Detector using 311 Op-Amp IC ? A zero-crossing detector using IC 311 (8 pin DIP unit) is illustrated in figure. The positive…
In this article, we discuss Zero Crossing Detector in detail with two different circuits. In the initial paragraphs of the tutorial, you will learn zero crossing detector using…
In this post we will be discussing about the op-amp as a comparator.We have already discussed other applications of the op-amp in rectangular wave form generator circuits like astable…
How a PLL works ? Consider VCO operating without input signal at free-running frequency fr and input signal of frequency fIN increasing from zero is applied to the…
MONOLITHIC PHASE-LOCKED LOOP (PLL) ICS Although the evolution of the PLL began in the early 1930s but its cost outweighted its advantage in the beginning. Today the PLL…
Operating principle of Phase Locked Loops The block diagram showing operating principle of PLLis given in figure. As illustrated in this fig, the PLL consists of a phase…
Phase Locked Loops (PLL) Introduction to PLL The concept of Phase Locked Loops (PLL) first emerged in the early 1930’s.But the technology was not developed as it now,…
We have already explained in integrated circuits, Hybrid IC’s about the classification of IC’s as bipolar IC’s and Unipolar IC’s. In bipolar IC’s, devices like BJT’s are used.…
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The outstanding feature of an IC is that it comprises a number of circuit elements insepa¬rably associated in a single small package to perform a complete electronic circuit.…
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